TITLE IN ALL CAPITAL LETTERS

FULL NAME

BACHELOR OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING (ENVIRONMENT) WITH HONOURS

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

2017

TITLE IN ALL CAPITAL LETTERS

By

YOUR NAME IN ALL CAPITAL LETTERS

This report is submitted in partial fulfillment

of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Chemical Engineering (Environment) with Honours

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

Jan 2018

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I declare that the work in the thesis was carried out in accordance with the regulation of Universiti Teknologi MARA. It is original and is the results of my own, unless otherwise indicated or acknowledge as reference work.

I, hereby acknowledge that I have been supplied with the Academic Rules and Regulations, Universiti Teknologi MARA, regulating the conduct of my study and research.

Signed : ………………………………

Date : ……………………………...

<<Name>>

Student ID : 20141xxxx

SUPERVISOR’S CERTIFICATION

We declared that we read this thesis and in our point of view this thesis is qualified in terms of scope and quality for the purpose of awarding the Bachelor of Chemical Engineering (Environment) with Honours.

Signed : ……………………

Date : ……………………

Main Supervisor

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Faculty of Chemical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi MARA

Cawangan Pulau Pinang

13500 Permatang Pauh

Pulau Pinang

Signed : ……………………

Date : ……………………

Co Supervisor

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Faculty of Chemical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi MARA

Cawangan Pulau Pinang

13500 Permatang Pauh

Pulau Pinang

COORDINATOR’S CERTIFICATION

Accepted:

Signed : ……………………

Date : ……………………

FYP Coordinator

Rasyidah Alrozi

Faculty of Chemical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi MARA

Cawangan Pulau Pinang

13500 Permatang Pauh

Pulau Pinang

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

[Enter your acknowledgment here, single spacing]

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE	PAGE

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION	i

SUPERVISOR’S CERTIFICATION	ii

COORDINATOR’S CERTIFICATION	iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT	iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS	v

LIST OF TABLES	vii

LIST OF FIGURES	viii

LIST OF PLATES	ix

LIST OF SYMBOLS	x

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS	xi

ABSTRACT	xii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION	1

1.1	Introduction	1

1.2	Problem Statement	1

1.3	Significant of the Study	1

1.4	Objectives	2

1.5	Scope of Research	2

1.6	Scope and Limitation	3

1.6.1	Tajuk Baru	3

1.7	Research Framework	4

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW	5

2.1	Literature Review	5

2.2	Sources of Particulate Matter	5

2.2.1	Motor Vehicles	5

2.2.1 (a)	Heading 4 with (a)	7

2.2.2	Industry / Power Plants	7

2.2.3	Open Burning / Trans-Boundary	8

CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY	10

3.1	Introduction	10

3.2	Literature Review	10

3.3	Materials and Methods / Methodology	11

3.4	Results	11

3.5	Discussion	11

3.6	Conclusion	11

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION	12

4.1	Introduction	12

4.2	Characteristic Of Monitoring Record	12

4.2.1	Descriptive Statistics	13

4.2.2	Box and Whisker Plot	13

4.2.3	One Way Analyses of Variance (ANOVA)	13

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS	15

5.1	Conclusion	15

5.2	Limitation And Future Work	15

LIST OF REFERENCES	16

APPENDICES	17

LIST OF TABLES

PAGE

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LIST OF FIGURES

PAGE

Figure 2.1 Terbaik	6

LIST OF PLATES

PAGE

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LIST OF SYMBOLS

Symbols

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Sort abbreviations according to alphabetical order

ABSTRACT

Type your abstract here……………..

INTRODUCTION

Introduction

One of the biggest challenges in Software Engineering involves accurate estimation of software development effort and cost. Significant over and underestimates can be very expensive for the company and can destroy their reputation. Hence, estimation is a critical step in the development process. Accurate estimates must be provided as early as possible during the project’s life cycle to determine project feasibility and for effective resource allocation.

However, uncertainty that exists early in the project’s life cycle affects the accuracy of cost and effort estimates. The work style, project organization, ability, interest, experience, training and other employee characteristics affect these estimates.

Problem Statement

The above statistics clearly show that there is still a need for an improvement in the software development process. Effort and Cost estimation represent a critical step at the beginning of the development process. Therefore, there is still a motivation for research in this field to improve the estimation models and to obtain more accurate predictions for cost, effort and personnel.

Significant of the Study

“Research on software effort and cost estimation models started more than 20 years ago”. However, general advice about which cost model fits to a certain organization could not be drawn. The mystery associated with software estimation is that it is essential to accurately estimate the effort and time required for a new software project but it is quite impossible to precisely predict the effort required in advance. Some of the major challenges faced during estimation process are listed:

“Estimates are often done in a hurry because they need to be presented as early as possible to customers”. Also, the estimation often has to be done without clear specifications and with ever changing requirements during the development process. In accordance with such changes, cost and time plans have to be adapted as well.

“There are difficulties in determining tailored cost factors, which have an influence on the predictions for a certain project in advance”

The rapid pace of change in Information Technology also poses a problem when trying to develop a reliable cost model. New programming languages, development tools and strategies are being introduced. Their influence on cost estimates has to be investigated as well.

Objectives

The project has the following objectives:

To analyze various effort and cost estimation models like SLIM, COCOMO, Function Points etc.

Analyze the functionalities of the WEKA Data Mining software tool.

Conduct Data Mining using WEKA and other tools to discover useful knowledge from a vast data set of 2,027 completed software projects provided by the International Software Benchmarking Standards Group (ISBSG). Apply Data Mining to make effort and cost estimates for the software development projects in the future.

Perform Data Mining using various classifiers like Linear Regression, Decision Trees, Neural Networks, Bayesian Networks etc and the Clustering techniques available with the WEKA tool. Interpretation and Evaluation of the results obtained with different classifiers to judge which specific classifier is the most suitable for effort and cost estimation of a particular software development project.

Scope of Research

The project aims to explore the Data Mining techniques for effort and cost estimation in Software Engineering. Over the past years, organizations have generated large volumes of digital data in the form of files and databases. Data Mining refers to the discovery of new information in terms of patterns or rules from vast volumes of data. Data Mining may be defined.

State	Male	Female
1	Penang	349	245
2	Kedah	234	123
3	Perak	290	567

Scope and Limitation

This dissertation report has been organized into 6 chapters, each of which consists of several sections and sub-sections. A broad overview of each of these 6 chapters is presented below:

Direction

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Research Framework

LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature Review

Algorithmic models attempt to represent the relationship between effort and one or more project characteristics. The main cost driver used in such a model is usually taken to be some notion of the size of the software, for example the number of lines of source code, so that a very simple example model might be of the form:

Effort = * Size (where is the productivity constant)

Often these models have one main input, normally a measure of product size and various secondary adjustment factors called the cost drivers.

Sources of Particulate Matter

Motor Vehicles

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Figure 2.1 Terbaik

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Heading 4 with (a)

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To make your document look professionally produced, Word provides header, footer, cover page, and text box designs that complement each other. For example, you can add a matching cover page, header, and sidebar. Click Insert and then choose the elements you want from the different galleries.

Themes and styles also help keep your document coordinated. When you click Design and choose a new Theme, the pictures, charts, and SmartArt graphics change to match your new theme. When you apply styles, your headings change to match the new theme.

Save time in Word with new buttons that show up where you need them. To change the way a picture fits in your document, click it and a button for layout options appears next to it. When you work on a table, click where you want to add a row or a column, and then click the plus sign.

Reading is easier, too, in the new Reading view. You can collapse parts of the document and focus on the text you want. If you need to stop reading before you reach the end, Word remembers where you left off - even on another device.

Industry / Power Plants

At stage 1 when the project is using prototypes for high risk issues including user interfaces, software and system interaction, COCOMO 2.0 estimates size in terms of Object Points. At stage 2, the designer considers whether to use different architectures and notions of operation. There is not sufficient information to support very precise effort and duration estimates. For stage 2, COCOMO 2.0 uses Function Point as a size measure. By stage 3, development has started and far more information is available. This stage matches the original COCOMO model, where sizing can be done with regards to lines of code and many factors can be estimated with a certain degree of comfort.

One major positive aspect is that COCOMO 2.0 allows size to be expressed in terms of the available data such as Object and Function Points. This removes some of the guess work involved in the estimation of the lines of code.

Open Burning / Trans-Boundary

They also assessed the stability of COCOMO for a test project of 14,000 lines of code and found that poor choice of development mode was more dangerous than a misestimate of size and further, a misestimate of just one of the 15 cost drivers was potentially as dangerous as either of the above. Criticism of the cost drivers is also made: a) There is evidence that some of the cost drivers are not independent, b) Some of the cost drivers may not be relevant in all environments and c) It is difficult to make sure that estimators evaluate the cost drivers in the way they were intended.

Another problem associated with COCOMO is the need for subjective estimates of size and productivity drivers. The risk here is that poor input estimates will lead to misleading effort projections although Boehm does recommend that the inputs be re-evaluated as more information becomes available.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Introduction

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Literature Review

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Materials and Methods / Methodology

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Results

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Discussion

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Conclusion

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Introduction

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To make your document look professionally produced, Word provides header, footer, cover page, and text box designs that complement each other. For example, you can add a matching cover page, header, and sidebar. Click Insert and then choose the elements you want from the different galleries.

Themes and styles also help keep your document coordinated. When you click Design and choose a new Theme, the pictures, charts, and SmartArt graphics change to match your new theme. When you apply styles, your headings change to match the new theme.

Save time in Word with new buttons that show up where you need them. To change the way a picture fits in your document, click it and a button for layout options appears next to it. When you work on a table, click where you want to add a row or a column, and then click the plus sign.

Reading is easier, too, in the new Reading view. You can collapse parts of the document and focus on the text you want. If you need to stop reading before you reach the end, Word remembers where you left off - even on another device.

Characteristic Of Monitoring Record

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To make your document look professionally produced, Word provides header, footer, cover page, and text box designs that complement each other. For example, you can add a matching cover page, header, and sidebar. Click Insert and then choose the elements you want from the different galleries.

Themes and styles also help keep your document coordinated. When you click Design and choose a new Theme, the pictures, charts, and SmartArt graphics change to match your new theme. When you apply styles, your headings change to match the new theme.

Save time in Word with new buttons that show up where you need them. To change the way a picture fits in your document, click it and a button for layout options appears next to it. When you work on a table, click where you want to add a row or a column, and then click the plus sign.

Reading is easier, too, in the new Reading view. You can collapse parts of the document and focus on the text you want. If you need to stop reading before you reach the end, Word remembers where you left off - even on another device.

Descriptive Statistics

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Box and Whisker Plot

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One Way Analyses of Variance (ANOVA)

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CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusion

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Limitation And Future Work

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LIST OF REFERENCES

APPENDICES